The Effects Of Air Pollution On The Environment - 2797 Words

The typical public, particularly sick people with upper or inferior respiratory symptoms know that severe respiratory impacts can take place due to air pollution based on the information from the media. It is vital for the relevant specialists to possess present information of the probable health impacts as well as the manner in which they might influence their clients in order to instruct them adequately. In particular, the specialists in the field should meticulously know that both gaseous as well as particulate matter might potentially worsen the existing pathophysiology of the airway. This paper also provides some overview of the findings for the research conducted. Therefore, remedial measures ought to be in place to mitigate the effects of air pollution. Introduction Clean air is important to all living things especially the animals as well as human beings for the purpose of healthy coexistence. At present, many nations appear to strive towards ensuring that the air is clean. However, because of continuous and necessary urban development, the atmosphere progressively experiences pollution. Nations as well as the entire world will be able to reduce pollution levels if not eliminated to reduce the burden of disease such as stroke, heart disease, lung cancer, chronic and acute respiratory sicknesses including asthma if they are aware and educated about the causes and the health effects of air pollution. Classification of Air Pollutants Air pollutionShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Air Pollution On The Environment Essay1198 Words   |  5 PagesEnvironmental pollution will cause direct damage to the ecosystem and impact, such as desertification, forest destruction, water eutrophication, will also give ecological systems and human society caused by indirect harm, and sometimes this indirect environmental effects than the harm caused Of the direct harm is greater, more difficult to eliminate. For example, the greenhouse effect, acid rain, and ozone depletion are the environmental effects of air pollution. This environmental effect derived fromRead MoreThe Effects Of Air Pollution On The Environment749 Words   |  3 Pagesindustry that requires urgent attention is environmental pollution. Increased economic activity produces an increasing amount of waste that producers must dispose of. Of particular interest to policymakers are air pollutants, which are easily disposed of through pipes and vents by producers at a minimal cost. Air pollution has been shown to increase respiratory disease, cardiovascular disease, and increased cancer rates. Additionally, air pollution has substantially increased the amount of greenhouseRead MoreThe Effects Of Air Pollution On The Environment Essay755 Words   |  4 PagesBackground and Analysis Air pollution is the infiltration of chemicals or toxic molecules into the atmosphere. In the global context many countries including China, the United States, Mexico, and others are haunted by pollution in the air. However each has a certain degree of air pollution different from the other. Air pollution kills animals and plants by intoxicating our bodies with harmful bacteria and chemicals. Unless our bodies become immune or we learn to clear the pollution earth s ecosystemRead MoreThe Effects Of Air Pollution On The Environment Essay785 Words   |  4 PagesAir pollution can result from both human and natural actions. Natural events that pollute the air include forest fires, volcanic eruptions, wind erosion, pollen dispersal, evaporation of organic compounds and natural radioactivity. Pollution from natural occurrences is not very often. Human action include but not limited to industrial pollution, bush burning, biomass and many others. â€Å"Air pollution is contamination of the indoor or outdoor environment by any chemical, physical or biological agentRead MoreThe Effects Of Air Pollution On The Environment1198 Words   |  5 Pages Lichens are durable and can grow in harsh environments where there is little or no soil. Lichens can tolerate severe temperatures both hot and cold. Despite their durability lichen are not impervious, many are sensitive to air pollution because they are dependent on moisture from rain for growth. Smog is a common air pollution which is the result of the burning fuels like coal and gasoline which releases sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide into the air later turning in to acids when introduce withRead MoreAir Pollution And Its Effects On The Environment1210 Words   |  5 PagesAir pollution has become a huge dilemma in our environment. Pollution is caused by the toxic release of chemicals and pollutants; releasing pollutants into the atmosphere harm the planet and pose a threat to human lives. Some of these pollutants include Carbon Monoxide, lead, acid gases, and Nitrogen oxides. Most of these pollutants are caused by industrial factories and vehicle exhaust. Air pollution is a global battle and preventing it will only help decrease the existing damage. In China, airRead MoreAir Pollution And Its Effects On The Environment1613 Words   |  7 Pagesvarious exhaust gases today, a level of air pollution has significantly increased in the environment. The smog enveloping the city is the most visible and obvious sign of urban pollution. However, even invisible harmful particles can have a big impact on the quality of airspace. In general, any substance released into the environment and having an adverse effect, is an air pollution. Hazardous substances present in the air, not only affect the environment but to a greater extent on the person whoRead MoreAir Pollution And Its Effect On The Environment814 Words   |  4 PagesAir is vital to our planet, life is simply impossible without it. Air pollution â€Å"refers to the contamination of the air, irrespective of indoors or outside. A physical, biological or chemical alteration to the air in the atmosphere can be termed as pollution. It occurs when any harmful gases, dust, smoke enters into the atmosphere and makes it difficult for plants, animals and humans to survive as the air becomes dirty.† (Jacobson, 2017) Air pollution has introduced countless negative effects toRead MoreThe Effects Of Air Pollution On The Environment1261 Words   |  6 Pagescovered by plastic, and people have already used most of our sources from 29% of the earth. Air pollution is also really bad right now especially in developing countries. They burn coal so much that the carbon dioxide amount in the air is too high. On the other hand, companies do not pay attention at all on the cleaning environment where people work; therefore, it causes a lot of people ill due to the dirty environment. People waste s o many product and materials that they could recycle and use again, howeverRead MoreThe Effects Of Indoor Air Pollution On The Environment996 Words   |  4 PagesHumans, animals, and plants need air to survive, but how can they survive if the air that they breathe is polluted? Every cell in your body needs oxygen in order to live. The air that everyone breathes contains oxygen and other gases. Hazardous chemicals escape into the environment to pollute the air from numerous human activities. The ever growing combustion of fossil fuels in the last century is responsible for the biggest progressive change in the atmosphere. Despite the other numerous environmental

Internet Crimes And The Internet - 1719 Words

Introduction The purpose of this research is to discuss about cybercrimes also known as internet crimes. The researcher has taken help from a number of online sources and a few books as well. Firstly, the researcher will discuss about cybercrime, how and when it came in existence. The researcher then will categorize cybercrimes into 2 parts, cyber abuse and cyber-attacks. This in turn has a few subtopics to follow. And lastly, the researcher will discuss prevention from these kind of attacks. Technology has been increasing so rapidly in the past fifteen years that it has increased the use of computers in our daily lives and in the business sector. To keep pace with the rapid increase in technology, industries such as banking, health, education etc. are very dependent on Internet for all its activities. However, what is Internet? Internet is the largest wide area network (WAN) that connects millions of computers worldwide and it is easily accessible at any corner of the world. Since the evolution of the Internet almost 20 years back, it has gradually changed and in turn changed our lives as well and has left a great impact on our lives. In the earlier times, Internet was only used to search for information but now it not only contains a library of information but has also become a means of interacting and communicating with one another and to be able to get new ideas. In simple words, it has become a necessity in our daily lives. We are very much dependent on Internet forShow MoreRelatedRole of the Internet and Crime1140 Words   |  5 PagesRole of the internet and crime The Role of the Internet and Crime The Role of the Internet and Crime Michelle Herrick Digital Crime and Digital Terrorism Strayer University Professor Masudur Chowdhury Prepared- 02/16/2013 ` The Role of the Internet and Crime Explain how the Internet has aided criminal activity. The internet has aided to criminal activity by providing an increased amount of anonymity for the criminal. They are able to commit crimes from long distances evenRead MoreThe Role of the Internet and Crime971 Words   |  4 PagesThe Role of the Internet and Crime Strayer University Crime has been around for a long time and will probably never disappear. With the invention of many things such as the wheel, the tool helps criminals. The wheel helped the criminals get away faster which made it harder to catch them. Criminals will always look for ways to make their â€Å"job† easier. With the advancement of technology come the advanced criminals. The internet has become one of the biggest toolsRead MoreCyber Crime And The Internet1326 Words   |  6 Pagesworld, have added another dimension to crime. The intensity with which the Internet is used in our everyday lives is a huge factor in determining the increasing rates of cyber-crime. In this era of technological advances, people are unaware of the high risk of exposure of their personal information. While each of the networks that make up the Internet is owned by a public or private organization, no single organization or government owns or controls the Internet. According to a study conducted by theRead MoreCyber Crimes on the Internet1117 Words   |  5 Pageswide web, also called the Internet, was made, although the Internet may be found all the way back in 1958. The internet used to be the place the nerds hung out when it first started now everyone is on the internet. By the millennium the web became a world wide phenomenon. You may now order pizza from your computer talk to your girlfriend or boyfriend, and even play a game with a friend in another country. With this new technology also comes with it a whole new set of crimes, such as stalking, hackingRead More Internet Crime Essay1429 Words   |  6 PagesInternet Crime New times bring new crimes. Actually, as time moves on and our world becomes more technologically dependant, the same old time-tested crimes evolve to fit the arena of the Net. To be specific, the most common Internet crimes are forgery, assault, fraud, and theft.[1] Identity Identity—it’s our most valuable commodity. It defines who we are and is essential to doing business and carrying on personal relationships. But on the Net, identity is ambiguous. To paraphrase MicrosoftsRead MoreEssay on Crime on the Internet2102 Words   |  9 Pagescybercriminals committing cybercrimes. As an unregulated hodgepodge of corporations, individuals, governments, educational institutions, and other organizations that have agreed in principle to use a standard set of communication protocols, the Internet is wide open to exploitation. There are no sheriffs on the Information Superhighway waiting to zap potential offenders with a radar gun or search for weapons if someone looks suspicious. By almost all accounts, this lack of law enforcement leavesRead MoreSecurity Of Computer And Internet Crimes1628 Words   |  7 PagesAloysius L. Keaton Paper #1 Security to Stop Computer and Internet Crimes Introduction The computer and the Internet are important tools used by many people all around the world. Usually the computer and internet are used for information. In today’s society it is being used for unlawful activities. It is being used to distribute child pornography, money laundering, credit card fraud; identify theft, and all other types of crimes. Hackers are people who use their computer skills to harmRead MoreInternet Crime and Moral Responsibility3336 Words   |  14 PagesInternet Crime and Moral Responsibility Internet Crime and Moral Responsibility 3 Introduction 3 What is Internet Crime? 3 Types of Crimes 3 Phishing 3 Child Pornography 4 Cyber Stalking 5 Computer Intrusion 5 Denial of Service Attacks and Cyber War 5 Identity Theft 6 Whose responsibility is it to report these crimes? 7 Reporting agencies 8 Conclusion 8 References 9 Internet Crime and Moral Responsibility Introduction The Internet is the technological genius of the computerRead MoreThe Internet: The Crime Solvers Technological Watson972 Words   |  4 Pages2013 The Internet: The Crime Solvers Technological Watson The popularity of television shows such as CSI and NCIS has raised public awareness of forensic science and increased the demand for information on the topic and its sub-specialities. The Internet has proven to be valuable resource because there is such a great deal of information that is both free and easily accessible. Just as the great fictional detective Sherlock Holmes solved crimes with the help of Dr. Watson, todays crime solversRead MoreCybercrime : A Crime That Is Done Using The Internet Essay889 Words   |  4 PagesCybercrime is a crime that is done using the internet (Burton, 2007). Cybercrime is growing as the internet has grown in popularity. We now use the internet to conduct business, to do banking, for our healthcare, and to communicate with our friends and family. The internet holds an amazing amount of information on people and businesses. The internet gives those who want to use this information for illegal purposes, a tool to access unlimited information. As the growth of the internet has exploded

Learning Through Play And Active Involvement - 2194 Words

Introduction The key messages highlighted in the Foundation Phase are emphasising learning through play, the role of the adult in relation to balancing adult led and child initiative activities, involving children in planning, developing children’s observation, creative and expressive skills and more use of the outdoor environment for solving real-life problems and experiential learning. All children have the right to receive a full education and schools must provide an inclusive curriculum that will offer opportunities for all children to achieve their full potential and receive the experiences they are entitled to (Framework, 2008). This supports a statement in the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child â€Å"all children and young people must be provided with an education that develops their personality and talents to the full† (Framework, 2008). School is the time where children develop most of the skills they will use later in life and therefore it is crucial they benefit from these educational experiences. Emphasising Learning through Play and Active Involvement Play is an important part in a child’s learning experience as children learn best from being actively involved and experimenting. The Foundation Phase wants practitioners to recognise that children learn through first-hand experiential learning in an environment that is relevant to a child’s interest. Hall, N. and Abbott, L. (1992) support this as they suggest â€Å"not only is play beneficial but alsoShow MoreRelatedThe Foundation Phase Curriculum Completed1318 Words   |  6 PagesThe Foundation Phase Curriculum completed its roll out during the academic year 2011-2012. Making reference to the key messages from the ‘Framework for Children’s Learning for 3 to 7 year-olds in Wales’, what experiences should all children in the Foundation Phase be receiving? The Foundation Phase completed its roll-out during the academic year 2011-2012. However, the Welsh Assembly Government (WAG) constantly observe children via documentation and therefore they adapt the curriculum to best suitRead MoreParental Involvement And Academic Performance1686 Words   |  7 Pagesof parental involvement in their children’s academic performance (Larocque, Kleiman Darling, 2011). Parental involvement refers to the amount of participation a parent has when it comes to schooling and her child s life. Parental involvement can take on many forms and is perceived as an operational strategy to improve student success, as evidenced in studies done on the relationship between parental involvement and academic performance in children. (Bower, 2011) Parental involvement â€Å"has been operationallyRead MoreParental Involvement And Academic Achievement1710 Words   |  7 Pages Parental Involvement and Academic Achievement: When does a child become affected by the lack of parental involvement in their lives? Some people may say when the child is older, and can fully understand what’s happening. Some even say that children know and feel the effect of the lack of parental involvement when they are as young as Kindergarteners. There are even some people who say that children will never feel the effects of the lack of parental involvement. I disagree with each statement listedRead MoreImportance Of Physical Education1277 Words   |  6 Pages Physical education plays a crucial role in the education of the whole student. While research supports the significance of movement in educating both the mind and body, many education institutions do not require physical education in their programs. Physical education contributes directly to the development of physical capability and fitness, while helping students make educated choices, and giving them the ability to understand the value of living an active li festyle. A study featured in the PeabodyRead MoreAn Early Childhood Educator My Goal1621 Words   |  7 PagesI believe that as an early childhood educator my goal will be to promote the physical, social, emotional, and cognitive development of each child. I also believe that play should be the base of learning since children learn best by doing. I believe that a balance between teacher-directed and child-initiated activities is essential balance can be developed by using the developmentally appropriate practice approach, which means that activities should be â€Å"appropriate for each child and relevant to theRead MoreParental Involvement Of Children With And Without Attention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1414 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction and Purpose In the article Parental involvement in children’s learning: Comparing parents of children with and without Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) by M.A Rogers et al, the group of graduate students studied parental involvement in children’s learning with and without ADHD. Rogers et al indicated that parental involvement in children’s learning has a variety of behaviors and characteristics. These characteristics vary based on the mother and father’s interactionsRead MoreParents and Education Essay1172 Words   |  5 Pagesvery important part of all societies and cultures. The education system plays a key role in the early lives of all citizens of the United States of America. The nature and extent of an individual’s formal education will generally have great effects upon their entire life. Therefore, this topic is of significant relevance and usefulness to our society as a whole. The first reason for this call to close involvement is due to the fact that many students struggle with their schoolwork andRead MoreIs Video Game Violence the Cause of Juvenile Delinquency? Essay1683 Words   |  7 Pagesbillion, nearly double the amount of money Americans spend going to the movies. On average, American children who have home video game machines play with them about 90 minutes a day. The impact of video games containing violence has recently become a focus of research because children are theoretically more susceptible to behavioral influences when they are active participants than when they are observers. To date, violent video games have not been studied as extensively as violent television or moviesRead MoreFamily Participation And Child Needs Special Education1509 Words   |  7 PagesParents are their child s best exponents. Parents know their children better than anyone else. That s why parent involvement play a crucial role when the child needs special education. This essay will discuss the importance of family participation and impacts of family participation in special education. Firstly, the essay will briefly describe what challenges special need children face, secondly, the essay will discuss key terms in the literature about the importance of family participation inRead MorePaternity Leave : The Time A Father Takes Off Work At The Birth Or Adoption1 309 Words   |  6 Pagesa fetus for nine months but despite given those circumstances paternity leave should not be just for mothers but also for the fathers as well. Even though mothers have a lot of hardships they have to go through and deserve the leave but it cannot take away from the fact that fathers as well play a huge role in a child’s life and should get paternity leave. Although most people have argued that men should get paternity leave, for example the United States is one of the few countries in the world that

Accounting for Business Sales Outstanding

Question: Describe the Case Study for Accounting for Business of Sales Outstanding. Answer: Small Business Analysis 1: a) The earning ability of an organization would be better understood with the help of ratios. The profitability of an organization can be better understood with the help of four following ratios; Return on assets Return on Equity Gross Profit margin Net Profit margin a 2015 $ Teda RETURN ON ASSETS 17.83% PAT 75000 ASSETS 420675 RETURN ON EQUITY 32.20% NET INCOME 75000 EQUITY 232935 GROSS PROFIT MARGIN 255% GP 155000 SALES 60868.4 NET PROFIT MARGIN 123% PAT 75000 SALES 60868.4 b) The asset to equity ratio is important assessment if it is compared with previous years figure to assess the source of funds to buy the assets. Here, in 2014 the asset to equity ratio was higher than 2015 figure; this reflects that despite asset size increase the ratio has declined. This means Teda has either transferred profit to the reserve or issues fresh share in 2015 to finance the assets[1]. c) DSO figure is however not attractive for the company. The company has debtors collection days figure of 111.86. This reflects that that the company has not been good at managing receivables2. d) The company is managing higher current assets and working capital position. The better working capital potion can help the company to run very smoothly and to manage the affairs of the company in a far better way. b 2015 2014 $ $ Teda Teda ASSET TO EQUITY 1.80597592 2.03412073 ASSET 420675 387500 EQUITY 232935 190500 c 2015 $ Teda DAYS SALES OUTSTANDING-DSO 111.867568 AVERAGE ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE *365 51738750 TOTAL CREDIT SALES 462500 D 2015 $ Teda CURRENT RATIO 1.82459677 CA 285075 CL 156240 E 2015 $ Teda INVENTORY TURNOVER 2.44047619 COGS 307500 AVERAGE INVENTORY 126000 Small Business Analysis 2: Ratio analysis of TUST Pty. Ltd: A few of the Ratio Analysis of TUST Pty.Ltd. Is enclosed herewith which are explained in detail below for better understanding of the outcome of the results stated herewith-- Ratios Formula 2012 2013 Ideal Level Current Ratio Current Assets Current Liabilities 2.1:1 2.6:1 2:1 Acid test or quick ratio Current assets inventory Current liabilities 1.8:1 2.2:1 1:1 Days inventory in hand Average Inventory X 365 days Cost of Sales 122 127 Lower the better. Days debtors outstanding Receivable X 365 days Sales 30 46 30 Net Profit Margin Profit before interest tax(PBIT) Turnover 10% 12.2% Higher the margin, the better. The ratios indicate either an increase or decrease from the previous year. Liquidity: Liquidity ratios are used to determine and measure the companys strength and ability to be able to cover all its expenses. They are Current ratio and Quick ratio. The current ratio measures short term solvency and liquidity. The ideal current ratio is nearer to 2:1 but this varies from business to business[2]. The quick or acid test ratio which measures the urgent solvency of any business as the inventory part is left out of the current assets which is not ready cash but to be sold and realised only hence there may be great variation on liquidity as the valuation of stock will depend on market conditions at any given point of time. The normal quick ratio is 1:1 but it is also depends on business format. Both ratio formulas are shown in the table above. Asset efficiency: Asset efficiency ratio is the method to determine the main power of assets in running the business more effectively. The assets are the main performance generating element of any business. Every business needs different types of Assets like fixed and current assets in general. A fixed asset comprises of Plant Machinery, Land Buildings, Furniture and Fixtures, Tools and Equipments, Office Equipments, etc and Current Assets comprises of Bank, Cash, Debtors, Inventory, etc. These assets are all used in different manner in a business to generate profit which again is ploughed in the business to generate more assets so that business can grow and handle competition from the other players from the industry[3]. Ratios Formula Ideal Level Asset turnover Turnover Total Assets or capital employed 6.74 Percent Rate of Return on Assets Earnings before Taxes X 100 Total Assets 4.53% Asset Turnover-- this is a type of ratio used to measure the production of sales in comparison to asset base. If the measurement is higher it is better. Percent Rate of Return on Assetsthis ratio is used to find out the generation of profit is against the companys assets and it is very important one for business process evaluation. But care must be taken to avoid heavy depreciation which may be affect calculation3. Profitability: The ROCE or Return on Capital Employed is used to determine the business profitability and this determinant is helped by Capital employed which is equity and debt figures. Debt fund are other than current liabilities and equity is the fund employed by shareholders. Total capitals employed are calculated by considering the long term debt, shareholders fund taken together. ROCE comprises of two parts operating profit margin and asset turnover. The lower the ROCE it is higher the capital employed or low margin of profit and vice versa. Assets, liabilities, and share capital are to be considered very carefully to calculate ROCE[4]. Research on the Financial Ratio: Introduction Any business can run in its own way whatever be the size but they all have a common feature which may differ from business to business and from country to country but the basics do not differ. All these businesses need fund or capital to run business and all these also need to have a control on that fund for better profit generation. For this various financial reports are prepared by each and every business to find how they doing. Small and medium businesses manage the funds in easier manner than bigger ones. Bigger businesses need to have greater organizational structure and systems to make them successful as huge capital is involved and shareholders and other stakeholders are involved with such businesses. Hence to have greater control on the entire financials of the business very strict format of accounting and auditing are followed. To understand the financial health by the management, shareholders, debtors, creditors, bankers, suppliers, government, local bodies, general public, different financial reports and statements are published. General reports like Trading Account, Profit and Loss Account and Balance Sheet are the published accounts of any business which are made public. But there certain group of the business like Board of Directors and the Top Management including the Managing Director who needs some more information in detail about the daily , weekly, fortnight, monthly, quarterly, half-yearly, and yearly financial status. A set of special reports are prepared for them exclusively. These special reports are called Financial or Management Accounting Ratios and this is used to derive various types of financial and non financial information which helps the management to take different types of decisions to save the business from collapse and saving the business from making huge losses. The different types of Ratios are used by management are summarised here below Common Size Ratios-- Common size ratios from the Balance Sheet. Common size ratios from the income Statement. Liquidity ratios Quick Ratio. Current Ratio. Operating ratios Cash Cycle. Return on Assets Ratio. Accounts Payable Days. Accounts Receivable Days on Hand. Accounts Receivable Turnover ratio. Inventory Turnover ratios. Inventory days on hand. Solvency Ratios Z-Score. Working Capital. Net sales to Working Capital. Debt to worth ratio. Business Ratios. Literature Review: The Current Ratio of TUST Pty Ltd is shown as 2.1:1 in 2012 that means there is presence of 2.1 current assets share against 1 share of current liabilities. In 2013 the ratio became 2.6:1 which means that 2.6 share of current assets are present in the business against 1 share of current liabilities. Enekwe Chinedu Innocent, Okwo Ifeoma Mary and Ordu Monday Matthew stated in their research paper Financial Ratio Analysis as a Determinant of Profitability in Nigerian Pharmaceutical Industry pointed out ideal ratios in an industry. The ideal level is fixed in the industry in general is 2:1 that means 2 share of assets against 1 share of current liabilities is ideal. In this case it is evident that for 2012 and 2013 both years the ideal level were achieved and situation was healthy. The level thus achieved must be further maintained and keep forward and increased far more to make the business more healthy financially. Management and auditors must take all necessary steps for the same. Thi s ratio is derived by division of current assets by current liabilities[5]. The acid test ratio or quick test ratio of TUST Pty Ltd is shown as 1.8:1 for 2012 which means that there are 1.8 shares of current assets against 1 share of current liabilities and this figure in 2013 shows as 2.2:1 which means that there is a share of 2.2 current assets against 1 share of current liabilities. The ideal level or desired level is fixed in the industry in general as 1:1. This means that 1 share of current assets is to be present for 1 share of current liabilities. In this case for both the years 2012 and 2013 the ideal level condition was not only achieved but it was much higher than that thus showing the liquidity condition to be very healthy. The management and the auditors must keep on maintaining the same ratio for coming years or try to increase the share of current assets against the current liabilities. This ratio is derived by putting out the inventory part from current assets and subtracting current liabilities. In another research paper A financial Ratio Analysis of Commercial Bank Performance in South Africa by Mabwe Kumbirai and Robert Webb stated the importance of the ratio analysis and banks. TUST Pty Ltd the days inventory in hand is shown as 122 in 2012 and 127 in 2013. In both years it seems that the inventory holding period of almost 4 months is too high. Ideal level is lower the days better the movement of goods. Too high period means trading is slower or sales have dropped extensively or some parts of products are not in demand. It may be that some parts of the goods have become obsolete or out market due to which the demand have fallen or may be the goods were sent to such places from where sales return were too high and it subsequently got affected in the years 2012 and 2013[6]. Too high level of inventory days means that blockage of working capital, high interest cost in maintaining the inventory and also risk of becoming back dated or obsolete or out of market fashion or demand supply break. The higher the inventory brings the risk of damage also by pilferage, theft, burglary, fire, flood, or by other natural calamities beyond imagination like earthquake, Tsunami, etc. Hence it can be said that TUST Pty Ltd should take care of this area very seriously in the future so that the wastage of working capital, loss by higher interest cost and inventory carrying cost can be avoided and easy movement of inventory can be ensured though proper sales management and a good coordination needs to be implemented between sales, purchase, and inventory departments so that over stocking does not takes place and its needs to reviewed by the management team as well as the auditors. This ratio is calculated by taking inventory for this year with inventory of last year and divi ded by 2 and then the result is divided further by sales cost and multiplied by 365 days. TUST Pty.Ltd, days debtors outstanding is shown as 30 in 2012 which is a very ideal level as per industry practice is concerned but for 2013 it has become 46 which means one and a half month debtors outstanding in the market. This is 16 days higher than 30, the market or industry standards. According to VIJAY S PATEL and CHANDRESH B. MEHTA stated in their research A FINANCIAL RATIO ANALYSIS OF KRISHAK BHARATI COOPERATIVE LIMITED regarding financial ratios includes various means[7]. The accounts department has not taken necessary steps to make follow-ups with the outstanding debtors and with the sales team responsible for generating such credit sales and also required to inform the higher management and Board regarding the same as this very alarming as per the working capital management is concerned. An extra 16 days of working capital and subsequent interest on this is very costly affair. The management and the auditors must take all such steps like stooping further sales to such parties and also warn the concerned sales team of not passing their sales commission is such outstanding are not collected by certain stipulated date as specified by the higher management for recovering the entire debtors overdue by 16 days otherwise in the long run these may convert into bad debt resulting more expenses and less profit generation. This ratio is derived by division of total receivables by sales and multiplied by 365 days. In the case of TUST Pty Ltd it is found that the net profit margin is shown as 10% in 2012 and as 12.2% in 2013. The profit before interest and tax or PBIT is the calculation required to be done to determine the net profit margin in the business. The ideal level as per the general industry standards is higher the net profit margin it is the better. In this case it is 10% in 2012 and this increased to 12.2% in 2013. It means that the net profit margin have increased by the usage of higher turnover or sales. The ratio is percentage is derived by dividing the PBIT figure by Turnover or sales by multiplying it with 100(%). The other profit margin ratios are also calculated for better understanding and they are Gross profit/turnover. Profit after tax/turnover. Advertising cost/turnover. Distribution costs/turnover. Cost of sales/turnover. The lower profit margins are very bad for any business and its shows the weakness of the business finances. The various business functions like new market entry may affect this percentage as it is in new condition of market sharing with already existing players but it should improve in the long run. Hypothesis The most important question thus arises is that what type of ratios is to be constantly studied by the management for making business better and financially healthy and surviving and long-lasting. The business financials are becoming more complex day by day and needs very good management ratios for the derivation of correct results. The ratio of management accounting thus is only used by management and auditors but not general stakeholders. Should not there be any ratios which may be useful to other stakeholders and they may be included in such financial reports generated on the basis of such ratios which may be of great interest and importance like liquidity ratio, net profit margin after making it simple in terminology, Current ratio, Cash ratio, Inventory days, Debtors outstanding days, are some of the useful ratios may be of some use to them. Methodology The ratios of all types particularly the performance ratios and the operating ratios are the most important to follow to get the most important financial indications to understand if the business is in good health or it needs to be put into ventilator or any other type hospitalization is required for making it more healthy and running in the near future. The ratios like Current ratio, quick or acid test ratio, Inventory Days In hand ratio, debtors outstanding ratio and the net profit margin ratios are the most important as shown in the case above for TUST Pty Ltd. These ratios cover almost all important functions of the business without which any business cannot move forward. The elements of Inventory, Current assets, Current Liabilities, Accounts Receivables outstanding days, Sales, Average Inventory, PBIT of profit before interest and tax. If these elements are taken with great care which forms the part of operating and performance ratios then any business will prosper in right man ner with great survival rate. Conclusion The ratios thus studied above are of different types and usage but the management always are positive and optimistic with these ratio approach that the desired result will be achieved if these ratios answer all their questions. The management accountants have worked great and in very hard manner to achieve this and the business these days are prospering with the help of these ratios to great heights. Small Business Analysis 3: Case Study Analysis: Introduction: The financial ratios are calculation and understanding of relative magnitude two selected numerical values collected from the financial report of two enterprises. The comparative financial analysis of two companies includes understanding of relative comparison based on various factors. Financial analysis is an art mostly used by the managers and the financial institutions for assessment of business, projects, performance and profitability. The ratios are expressed in decimal values and it helps to understand back ground and financial health of an organisation. Financial statement of two companies Qantas Airways Limited and Virgin Australia Holdings Limited are used for calculations of various ratios which can will be interpreted in the following manner to establish the actual reasons for the change. Understanding of financial analysis: The careful interpretation of data would result into precise understanding of the business and the business scenarios. These ratios would quantify many aspects of a business. The financial ratios are categorized based on different financial aspects of the company. The EBIT is nothing but Earnings before Interest and Taxes. The higher earning is reflected by deduction of expenses and costs from sales. The higher EBIT margin represents better management of cost and expenses. Here, Qantas Airways Limited has EBIT margin of 1.85% in 2012 and for Virgin Australia Holdings Limited it is 3.50%. This clearly represents the fact that cost of sales for Qantas Airways Limited is much higher than of Virgin Australia Holdings Limited. This purely reflects the fact that Virgin Australia Holdings Limited has also been managing its costs effectively[8]. ROE stands for Return on Equity. The ratio is calculated by using the formula PAT/Equity x 100. The higher ratio represent better bottom line for the company. Significant increase in equity can also brought down the ROE. Here, Virgin Australia Holdings Limited had ROE of 8.40%, this clearly indicates better bottom line of the company compared to Equity. This can also be interpreted in another way that Virgin Australia Holdings Limited is highly leveraged. But in continuation to EBIT margin, the ROE is better for Virgin Australia Holdings Limited. This indicates better bottom line for the company. On the other hand Qantas Airways Limited had comparatively lower ROE at 3.38%. If it is interpreted in continuation to EBIT margin, this would reflect that higher cost reflected in the bottom line of the company resulted into lower ROE3. ROA stands for Return on Assets. The higher ROA can only be because of higher bottom line. The ROA increased signifies better utilization of assets for higher sales and cost control. The better utilization of assets to boost bottom line is reflected in this ratio. Here, ROA Virgin Australia Holdings Limited is at 3.29% compared to 2.12% of Qantas Airways Limited. If these two figures of two companies are analyzed based on EBIT margin and ROE. This would clearly indicate that Virgin Australia Holdings Limited has higher net profit in 2012 compared to Qantas Airways Limited. The higher net profit is reflecting in higher ROA4. The debt to equity ratio has increased in 2015 compared to total equity. The long term debt ratio stood at 0.18 in 2014 but increased to 0.20 in 2015. The debt is being used for purchasing fixed assets and to develop property of the company in 2014 but it was repaid in 2015. In terms of total debt and capital, the total debt to outsider stood at AED 0.20 against every AED 1 of capital in 2015. The indication is of low leverage position of the company. This indicates financial strength of the company[9]. In current ratio, Current assets are divided by current liabilities. Higher current ratio or ratio of 2: 1 is considered ideal for much industry. But is not always the case of all companies. Airliner companies usually have lower current assets as these companies usually have lower inventory. Here, Qantas Airways Limited had current ratio of 0.77 compared to 0.65 of Virgin Australia Holdings Limited. Qantas Airways Limited has better ratio than Virgin Australia Holdings Limited. The higher ratio could be caused by lower realization of accounts receivable and holding of too much cash and cash equivalents. The higher amount of creditors and short term loan can bring down current ratio5. The net profit is divided by sales to reflect Net Profit Higher net margins are always better for the companies but the ratio does not indicate whether the sales are coming down or not. As expected Virgin Australia Holdings Limited has better net margin of 2.23% compared to 1.36% of Qantas Airways Limited. If this ratio is analyzed on the basis of previous calculations. This would really indicate that Virgin Australia Holdings Limited has managed its costs in a better way to earn better net margins. Here the important factor is cost and expenses management which is done far better by Virgin Australia Holdings Limited. Conclusion: The analysis and the assessment are clearly indicating better performance for Virgin Australia Holdings Limited compared to the other company. Better cot management is the key to better bottom line and better growth. Here, both companies have managed significant gain in the business but better cost management has become the key for Virgin Australia Holdings Limited. This report would really help the managers to understand the key reason for the better performance of Virgin Australia Holdings Limited. The better EBIT ratio is reflected down to the bottom line of Virgin Australia Holdings Limited. This also represents the fact that Virgin Australia Holdings Limited is better managed and the debts are also well managed by this company. 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